AÄCDEËFGHIıÏLMNOÖRSTUÜVWẄYŸZÐ

Spelling Rules:

• I or Ï cannot follow ı.
  • If an inflection would cause I to follow ı, ıI is replaced with Y.
  • If an inflection would cause Ï to follow ı, ıÏ is replaced with Ÿ.
• Capitalization:
  • The first word of a sentence is always capitalized.
  • Names and all nouns are always capitalized.
  • Verbs are not capitalized, even when functioning as a noun.
  • Pronouns are not capitalized.
  • If a word that would be capitalized gains an inflectional prefix, the prefix is ignored and only the first letter of the original word is capitalized (even at the beginning of a sentence).

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A a = ah = hot /a/
                  comma /ə/
Ä ä = ah-trıen = lack /æ/
                             comma /ə/
C c = kah = cat /k/, /c/
                    huge /ç/
D d = od = dog /d/
                   joy /d͡ʒ/
E e = eh = bust /ɜ/
                  comma /ə/
Ë ë = eh-trıen = bed /ɛ/
                             bit /ɪ/
F f = fï = finish /f/, /fʲ/
G g = gah = good /ɡ/, /ɟ/
                     huge /ç/ (soft at the end of a word)
H h = hëh = silent
                      how /h/ (beginning of a word following a vowel)
                      uh-oh /ʔ/
I i = ih = bit /ɪ/
                yes /j/ (before another vowel)
ı = ih-ẅvarg = softens previous consonant /ʲ/
Ï ï = ih-trıen = see /i/
                          bit /ɪ/
                          yes /j/ (before another vowel)
L l = lëh = leaf /ɫ/, /lʲ/
M m = mah = man /m/, /mʲ/
N n = nah = nine /n/, /ɲ/
​O o = oh = dog /ɔ/
                   core /oː/ (long)
                   comma /ə/

Ö ö = oh-trıen = /ø/
                             comma /ə/
R r = rëh = red /ɹ/ (soft)
                    /r/ (hard)
S s = zëh = sing /s/ (hard)
                    sheet /ʃ/ (soft)
                    its /t͡s/ (syllabic)
​T t = tah = wet /t/ (hard)
                    cheat /t͡ʃ/ (soft)
U u = uh = look /ʊ/
                    food /uː/ (long)
                    comma /ʊ~ə/
Ü ü = uh-trıen = /y/
                             look /ʊ~ə/
V v = vıei = water /w/ (hard)
                     vine /v/ (soft)
W w = veh = food /u/
                       look /ʊ~ə/
                       water /w/
Ẅ ẅ = veh-trıen = /y/
                                 look /ʊ~ə/
Y y = yih = bit /ʲɪ/
                     /ʲj/ (before another vowel)
Ÿ ÿ = yih-trıen = see /ʲi/
                               bit /ʲɪ/
                               /ʲij/ (before another vowel)
Z z = hëz = its /t͡s/
​Ð ð = eða = beige /ʒ/

Diphthongs

Digraphs

ae = hot /a/
        comma /ə/
aë = bed /ɛ/
         bit /ɪ/
ai = sigh /aɪ/
amh = how /au/ (before a consonant)
ao = sew /oʊ/
         saw /ɔː/ (long)
au = how /au/
av = how /au/ (before a consonant)
aw = how /au/
ay = sigh /aɪ/
aÿ = sigh /aɪ/
äẅ = /ey/
äi = day /eɪ/
äy = day /eɪ/
äÿ = day /eɪ/
ea = hot /a/
        comma /ə/
ei = day /eɪ/
eï = day /eɪ/
eu = sew /oʊ/
euy = sew /oʊ/
ey = day /eɪ/
ëi = day /ɛi~eɪ/
ëï = day /ɛi~eɪ/
ëmh = /ɛʊ/ (before a consonant)
ëu = /ɛʊ/
ëw = /ɛu/
ëẅ = /ɛy/
ëy = day /ɛi~eɪ/
ëÿ = day /ɛi~eɪ/
oi = boy /ɔɪ/
oï = boy /ɔɪ/
ov = sew /oʊ/ (before a consonant)
oy = boy /ɔɪ/
oÿ = boy /ɔɪ/

ch = loch /x/ (hard)
        huge /ç/ (soft)
chr = /xʀ/
cr = /kʁ~kʀ/
dh = they /ð/, /ð̠ʲ/
dw = /dw/ (hard)
         /ʒw/ (soft)
ff = vine /v/, /vʲ/
fh = silent
fs = /fs/ (hard)
       /fʃ/ (soft)
gh = /h~ʔ/ or silent (hard)
         yes /j/ (soft)
         silent (end of a word or before a consonant)
hr = /ʁ~ʀ/
hv = whale /ʍ/
hw = whale /ʍ/
lh = /ɬ/ (hard)
mh = vine /v/, /vʲ/
ng = song /ŋ/
sc = skate /sk/ (hard)
        /ʃk/ (soft)
sh = how /h/
shw = whale /ʍ/
ss = zoo /z/ (hard)
        beige /ʒ/ (soft)
st = stay /st/ (hard)
       /ʃt/ (soft)
sw = swan /sw/ (hard)
         /ʃw/ (soft)
th = think /θ/, /θ̠ʲ/
tl = /tɬ/ (hard)
ts = its /t͡s/
tw = twine /tw/ (hard)
         /ʃw/ (soft)
vr = /vɹ/

sc(ı)

sd(ı)

sf(ı)

ng

tl

lm(ı)

c(h)n(ı)
f(h)n(ı)
g(h)n(ı)
l(h)n
m(h)n(ı)
s(h)n(ı)
vn(ı)

c(h)r
d(h)r(ı)
hr
s(h)rı
t(h)r(ı)

cs(ı)
f(h)s(ı)
ts

ct
st(ı)

c(h)w
d(h)w(ı)
g(h)w
hw
m(h)w
s(h)w(ı)
t(h)w(ı)
vwı

c(h)d
chdı
dhd
g(h)d
ld(ı)
m(h)d
nd
sd(ı)
thd
vdı

ng

d(h)n(ı)
f(h)n(ı)
l(h)n(ı)
m(h)n(ı)
s(h)n(ı)
t(h)n(ı)
vn(ı)

cs
ts

c(h)t
chtı
dht
g(h)t /kt/
lt(ı)
nt
rt
st(ı)
tht

• All consonants except H have a hard (regular) form and a soft (palatalized) form.
  • The soft pronunciation occurs when the consonant is followed by a dotless I (ı), Y, or Ÿ.
• D and G may become unvoiced to /t, t͡ʃ/, and /k, c/, respectively, at the end of a word.
  • D and T may be pronounced /ʔ/ at the end of a word.
• H in initial or final position, or when functioning to show lenition, is silent except before W or in initial position after a vowel (only for some speakers).
  • In the middle of a word, H represents a glottal stop, like in the middle of uh-oh.
• L in the middle of a word may be pronounced /j/.
• R at the end of a syllable is always soft.
• W is pronounced /w/ after D(h), T(h),  S, hard C(h) or G(h), or soft V when followed by another vowel.
• Vowels marked with an acute accent (´) are pronounced long. In a diphthong, only the first vowel is marked.
  • Long vowels are always stressed.
  • If the long vowel has another diacritic (ie. an umlaut), the circumflex replaces that diacritic even though the pronunciation stays the same. Thus, a long A and a long Ä are both written as á but pronounced as /aː/ and /eː/, respectively. Any instances of this are noted in the vocabulary lists.
• C, D, G, M, N, Ɲ, S​, T, and Z may be syllabic.
  • A syllabic consonant may be written with an acute accent (´).
• Most vowels are reduced in unstressed syllables. However, this reduction may become less noticeable or nonexistent when speaking slowly and/or purposely enunciating.