Ergative¹
Absolutive¹ Accusative¹ Dative¹ Genitive³ Possessive³* Partitive³ (plural) Instrumental³ (by means of) Causal³ (because of) Locative³ (at, by) Comitative³ (with) Comparative³ (like, as) Essive³ (state) Translative³ (becoming) Exessive³ (stop being) Abessive³ (without) Vocative²** (addressed) Distributive³ (per) |
(unmarked)
du- alu- all(i)- n(o)- av(i)-/aav(i)- bai- daz(u)- hiz(u)- wa- hhi- is- wo- ol- fa___osaa mma- |
1. Case is marked on noun and verb. Classifier is normally omitted.
2. Case is marked on noun only. Classifier is normally omitted.
3. Case is marked on classifier (when included) or noun only. Classifier is normally omitted when not needed for clarification.
*The possessive case prefix is av(i)- when the first syllable of the noun has a short vowel and aav(i)- when the first syllable has a long vowel.
**The standard construction of the vocative case is the prefix fa- and the suffix -osaa added to the noun/name. This expresses formality and/or respect towards the one being addressed. In familiar speech, -osaa may be omitted or replaced with an alternative suffix, such as -inga, expressing affection, or -uuni, expressing disdain or hostility.
2. Case is marked on noun only. Classifier is normally omitted.
3. Case is marked on classifier (when included) or noun only. Classifier is normally omitted when not needed for clarification.
*The possessive case prefix is av(i)- when the first syllable of the noun has a short vowel and aav(i)- when the first syllable has a long vowel.
**The standard construction of the vocative case is the prefix fa- and the suffix -osaa added to the noun/name. This expresses formality and/or respect towards the one being addressed. In familiar speech, -osaa may be omitted or replaced with an alternative suffix, such as -inga, expressing affection, or -uuni, expressing disdain or hostility.